Published：March 2022

Mark Hoekstra

Texas A&M University

 

CarlyWill Sloan

Claremont Graduate University

Abstract: This paper examines race and police use of force using data on 1.6 million 911 calls in two cities, neither of which allows for discretion in officer dispatch. Results indicate White officers increase force much more than minority officers when dispatched to more minority neighborhoods. Estimates indicate Black (Hispanic) civilians are 55 (75) percent more likely to experience any force, and five times as likely to experience a police shooting, compared to if White officers scaled up force similarly to minority officers. Additionally, 14 percent of White officers use excess force in Black neighborhoods relative to our statistical benchmark.

本文使用两个城市160万个911电话的数据来研究种族和警察使用武力的情况，这两个城市都不允许警察在调度时自由裁量。结果表明，当被派往更多的少数民族社区时，白人警察比少数民族警察更多地使用武力。估计结果表明，如果白人警官与少数民族警官一样增加武力，黑人（西班牙裔）平民遭遇任何武力的可能性要高55%（75%），而遭遇警察枪击的可能性要高5倍。此外，相对于我们的统计基准，14%的白人警察在黑人社区过度使用武力。。

Link: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20201292

Published：March 2022

Reshmaan Hussam

Harvard Business School

 

Natalia Rigol

Harvard Business School

 

Benjamin N. Roth

Harvard Business School

Abstract: Identifying high-growth microentrepreneurs in low-income countries remains a challenge due to a scarcity of verifiable information. With a cash grant experiment in India we demonstrate that community knowledge can help target high-growth microentrepreneurs; while the average marginal return to capital in our sample is 9.4 percent per month, microentrepreneurs reported in the top third of the community are estimated to have marginal returns to capital between 24 percent and 30 percent per month. Further we find evidence that community members distort their predictions when they can influence the distribution of resources. Finally, we demonstrate that simple mechanisms can realign incentives for truthful reporting.

由于缺乏可核实的信息，在低收入国家识别高增长的微型企业家仍然是一个挑战。通过在印度进行的现金赠款实验，我们证明了社区知识可以帮助锁定高增长的微型企业家；虽然我们的样本中资本的平均边际回报率为每月9.4%，但据报道，社区中排名前三分之一的微型企业家的资本边际回报率估计为每月24%至30%。此外，我们发现有证据表明，当社区成员能够影响资源的分配时，他们的预测会被扭曲。最后我们证明简单的机制可以重新调整对真实回报的激励。

Link: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20200751

Accepted March 14, 2022

Pere Arque-Castells

University of Groningen

 

Daniel Spulber

Northwestern University

Abstract: The canonical approach to measuring private and social returns to R&D assumes diffusion through spillovers. We develop a general framework that allows R&D to dif- fuse both through spillovers and voluntary technology transfers.To operationalize the framework,we create a dataset of interactions in the market for technology between publicly held U.S.firms.We use changes in tax incentives for R&D to identify causal effects.Taking market channels into account decreases the observed difference between social and private returns to R&D as compared to the canonical approach.The analysis suggests significant gains from trade in markets for technology.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1086/719908

Accepted March 10, 2022

Anthony Bald

Brown University

 

Eric Chyn

Dartmouth College

 

Justine Hastings

Brown University

 

Margarita Machelett

Brown University

Abstract: This paper measures impacts of removing children from families investigated for abuse or neglect.We use removal tendencies of child protection investigators as an instrument.Our analysis focuses on young children investigated before age six and finds that removal significantly increases test scores and reduces grade repetition for girls.There are no detectable impacts for boys.This pattern of results does not appear to be driven by heterogeneity in pre-removal characteristics,foster placements,or types of schools attended after removal.The results are consistent with the hypothesis that development of abused and neglected girls is more responsive to home removal.

本文测量了从因虐待或忽视而被调查的家庭中转移儿童的影响。我们使用儿童保护调查员的转移倾向作为工具。我们的分析侧重于6岁前被调查的幼儿，发现转移会显著提高考试成绩，并减少女孩的留级率。这种结果模式似乎不是由搬迁前的特征、寄养地点或搬迁后的学校类型的异质性所驱动的。结果与受虐待和被忽视的女孩的发展对家庭搬迁更有反应的假设一致。

Link: https://doi.org/10.1086/719856